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Integrating Gender in Medical Education
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Today, half or more of the 40 million people infected with HIV in the world are
women. It has been recognizes that the HIV pandemic uniquely impacts women, as they
are socially and biologically more vulnerable to the infection. Though both men
and women experience stigma, they tend to experience it in much different ways.
HIV/AIDS-related stigma is compounded by gender stigma, which reinforces existing
economic, social, educational, cultural, and access issues associated with sex.
This in turn affects their access to healthcare opportunities. Women are perhaps
more affected due to differing social norms associated with appropriate sexual behavior.
Psychological distress and depression associated with HIV have also been found to
be more prevalent in women,5 impacting access and adherence.
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Gender Disparity in HIV/AIDS
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Women and HIV/AIDS: Treatment Issues
Physiologically women are at greater risk of contracting HIV and other sexually
transmitted infections (STIs) because they have a larger surface area of mucosa
(wet surfaces) exposed to their partners’ semen, and semen remains in women several
hours after sex. STIs make women more vulnerable to HIV infection because STIs can
weaken the mucosal membrane, or even produce genital ulcers, which provide easier
access for HIV. Frequently women do not experience symptoms of STIs, and if left
untreated the body is more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. Find out more →
Gender, Inequalities, and HIV/AIDS
This volume provides a critical and comprehensive assessment of the relationship
between gender, inequality and vulnerability to HIV infection and AIDS. It brings
together contributions from scholars and practitioners from across the world to
explore the relevance of these core concepts to their understanding of the AIDS
crisis and the politics of effective response. The chapters in Gender and HIV/AIDS
examine current thinking about sexuality, masculinity, gender roles, and culture
in relation to HIV/AIDS and global politics of intervention and regulation. Find out more →
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Gender Violence & HIV/AIDS
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Gender Violence and HIV
Gender violence as both a cause and effect of HIV has long been recognised. It is
also well-documented that high levels of sexual and gender violence exacerbate women’s
risks and vulnerabilities to HIV exposure and transmission, while a positive HIV
status exacerbates women’s risks and vulnerabilities to violence, abuse and other
rights violations. Find out more →
Violence Against Women and HIV/AIDS: Critical Intersections Intimate Partner
Violence and HIV/AIDS
The high rates of HIV infection in women have brought into sharp focus the problem
of violence against women. There is a growing recognition that women and girls’
risk of and vulnerability to HIV infection is shaped by deep-rooted and pervasive
gender inequalities - violence against them in particular. Find out more →
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HIV Positive in Pregnancy
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in Pregnancy: A Review of the Guidelines
for Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission in Malaysia
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) is a
devastating consequence of HIV infection during pregnancy and is largely preventable.
Evidence-based interventions such as universal antenatal screening, provision of
antiretroviral therapy, delivery by elective caesarean section and avoidance of
breastfeeding have ensured that the rates of MTCT remain low in Malaysia. This review
discusses the most recent advances in the management of HIV infection in pregnancy
with emphasis on antiretroviral treatment strategies and obstetric care in a middle
income country. Find out more →
Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating Pregnant Women and Preventing HIV Infection
in Infants: Towards Universal Access
These revised guidelines on antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treating pregnant women
and preventing HIV infection in infants in resource-limited settings are consistent
with, and aim to support the "Call to action towards an HIV-free and AIDS-free generation."
The document is one of a trilogy of guidelines published at the same time which
provide recommendations developed by WHO Find out more →
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Gender
Differences in Depression In HIV-Infected Patients
Gender differences in an HIV-infected population living in downstate Illinois are
examined. Depression is measured using the CES-D screening tool. Statistical tests
are run on both quantitative and qualitative data in order to determine if a gender
difference exists. The difference in CES-D scores was not found to be statistically
significant. Possible explanations for this finding are suggested. These explanations
include: population demographics, small sample size, and effects of medication Find out more →
Relationship of Gender, Depression and Health Care Delivery with Antiretroviral
Adherence in HIV infected Drug Users Antiretroviral adherence is worse in women than in men, and depression can influence
medication adherence. To evaluate the relationship of gender, depression, medical
care, and mental health care to adherence in HIV-infected drug users. A pharmacy-based
measure of adherence was defined as > or =95% days covered by at least 2 prescribed
antiretroviral drugs. Find out more →
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Trans Populations and HIV: Time to End the Neglect
Of all populations affected by HIV worldwide, evidence suggests that trans populations
may be the most heavily burdened. Due to stigma, neglect, and institutionalized
discrimination, the HIV response has largely failed to address the needs of trans
people. Achieving an AIDS-free generation will demand more effective, sustained,
rights-based programs for this at-risk population. Find out more →
Care of the HIV Infected Transgender Patient
Clinicians caring for HIV-infected patients may encounter individuals whose experienced
gender does not conform to his/her natally assigned sex. These guidelines use the
term transgender to refer to a broad range of nonconforming gender identities. Some
patients may be unsure of their gender identity and may not have had opportunities
to discuss their concerns with a medical professional. Find out more →
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